Transmembrane carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a zinc metalloenzyme and overexpressed in numerous cancers and represents an attractive therapeutic target due to its limited expression in normal tissues and …
Surface Plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM) enables high-resolution evaluation of the kinetic binding heterogeneity on whole single cells, without disrupting the native environment of the target. This capability permits measurement in …
HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2) is an important therapeutic target in different types of cancer because it functions to advance tumor development and growth.1 Antibody-based drugs such as …
Mucin 4 (MUC4) is a highly glycosylated cell surface protein that is highly overexpressed in cancerous cells of the pancreas, including the BxPC3 cell line. 1, 2 Due to its tumor-specific expression and cell surface localization, MUC4 is …
Antibody drug development is emerging as the cornerstone of modern therapeutics, particularly in the realm of immunotherapy. Antibodies have demonstrated great efficacy in treating B-cell cancers by taking advantage of …
Traditional electrochemical (EC) techniques typically quantify averaged responses from a collection of individual elements and molecules on the surface of electrode.1 These approaches, while effective for bulk analysis, often overlook …
Millions of sepsis-related deaths are reported every year, which makes acute septic shock one of the leading causes of death in intensive care units around the world.1 Septic shock is …
Most membrane proteins carry some form of glycans, which regulate many cellular processes such as cell differentiation and cell-to-cell interactions.1 There are two types of glycans based on the type …
Mucin-4 (Muc-4) is a heavily glycosylated membrane glycoprotein which is associated with pancreatic cancer and metastasis.1 This glycoprotein primarily has O-glycans which contributes to its bulky structure in the extracellular …
Membrane proteins are the main targets of therapeutic drugs and most of them carry some form of glycan structures, which play pivotal roles in protein folding, stability, cell communication, cell …
Cancer cells propagate by finding means to hide from the immune system. Immunotherapies allow the immune system to recognize and attack the hidden cancer cells reducing the spread of the …
Incomplete synthesis of glycans or the overexpression of certain glycans promote a tumor-specific glyco-code.1 The glyco-code includes increased branched N-glycans, truncated O-glycans, hyper-sialylated glycans or glycolipids.2&3 Non-catalytic glycan binding proteins …
HER2 also known as ErbB2 is an epidermal growth factor receptor and is a 185 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein. 20–30% of breast cancer patients have overexpression of HER2.1 The extracellular domain …
The accurate characterization of binding kinetics of therapeutic antibodies to tumor cells is critical to advancing therapeutic drug development.1,2,3 SPR microscopy (SPRM) is a label free technology utilized for studying …
Dynamic diseases like cancer become more heterogeneous over the course of the disease. Due to the heterogeneity, the malignant tumor can harbor a collection of cells with different molecular signatures. …
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex, multifactorial inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract resulting in chronic, aberrant mucosal inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract.1,2 The combination of immunologic, environmental, microbiome, …
Membrane proteins play a major role in cell biology and are an important class of receptors targeted by drug candidates being developed in the pharmaceutical industry.1,2 Techniques for studying the …
Chemoattractant receptors and their cognate ligands are promising drug targets for disruption of the tumor progression cascade. Most of these chemoattractant receptors are conventional seven transmembrane-spanning (7TM) G-coupled protein receptors …
The long and arduous process of drug development involves screening of drug candidates by determining their affinities towards a cellular target and the kinetics of the interactions. A variety of …
The pandemic due to the SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve and remains an international concern. Covid infection is caused by the air-borne coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its mutants. The viral invasion …
lectrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique consists in introducing a perturbation into the sample by means of an AC voltage to an electrode and detecting its current response.
Prussian blue is a pigment that is used to color paints, inks, textiles, and other commercial product. Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) are nanomaterials that present unique properties and excellent biocompatibility: they can be synthesized in mild conditions and can be derivatized with polymers and/or biomolecules. In addition, with its ability to transfer electrons efficiently and its large redox potential between reduction and oxidation, these nanoparticles result in enzyme-like characteristics which is ideal for biomedicine as therapy and diagnostic agents.
Transporters are large proteins (40–200 kDa) located in the plasma membrane of cells and organelles. They normally span the membrane many times and modulate the transfer of xenobiotics (including nutrients, micronutrients and pharmaceuticals), and endogenous substances such as neurotransmitters, hormones, signaling molecules, vitamins across cellular membranes, tissues or organ barriers.
Cell-based immunotherapy has gained great attention from researchers and pharmaceutical companies, particularly due to its promise to treat various cancers. Understanding the interaction between drug candidates and targets on the cell membrane is crucial to drug development.
In this application note, binding interactions of an antibody to a membrane transport receptor were studied using SPRm 200. Transporters have important roles in physiological processes ranging from cellular uptake of nutrients to the absorption of drugs. Despite their importance as a drug discovery, it is difficult to determine its function: direct biophysical studies require these proteins be solubilized and purified and between their extraction and reconstitution, transport activity cannot be measured because of the lack of a vectorial environment.
Fixation of cells is a convenient and routinely used method by many labs to study cells. However, fixation may alter certain types of protein receptors, thus affecting their binding kinetics. …
SPR microscopy (SPRm) has emerged as a unique tool for measuring the affinity and kinetics of ligand binding to membrane proteins on the cells directly. The technology integrates the traditional …
Neurotensin receptor belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), which has 424 amino acids with 7 putative transmembrane domains.(1) Neurotesin receptor 1 (NTS-1) mediates multiple functions of neurotensin, …
SPRm 200 system is the world’s first commercial Surface Plasmon Resonance Microscopy (SPRM) which combines the high spatial resolution of optical microscopy with the label-free sensing capability of SPR. With …
SPR Microscopy (SPRM) is a powerful tool for measuring the binding kinetics of ligands or drug compounds with membrane proteins, including GPCRs. It has many other unique features that lead …
Membrane proteins play critical roles in cellular communications and are the most popular drug targets, accounting for over a half of the FDA approved drugs. One particularly important example of …
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are voltage independent cation channels, which are expressed in both central and peripheral neurons.[1] Four genes that encode six ASIC subunits have been identified in mammals …
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies have become established methods for treating cancer, autoimmune disorders, asthma and many other diseases. MAb drugs represent approximately half of the total sales of all biopharmaceutical …
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) are integral membrane proteins that transmit signals from external stimuli to the cell interior. They play key roles in many cellular processes, such as sensorial, hormonal, …
Membrane proteins are involved in many biological processes, such as signaling between cell’s internal and external environments, transport of ions and molecules and catalysis of chemical reactions [1] and they …
SPRm 200 System is the world’s first commercial Surface Plasmon Resonance Microscopy (SPRM). It combines the high spatial resolution of optical microscopy with the powerful sensing capability of SPR, making …
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is a powerful technique for measuring the binding kinetics of biomolecular interactions in a real-time and label-free manner [1]. In traditional SPR assays, the target molecule is extracted and purified from the cell and immobilized onto the sensor surface for measurement of the interaction kinetics between the target and the drug candidate.
